Women and Gender in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women and Gender in Islam - Essay Example For this text analysis assessment, the purpose is to analyze and compare/contrast the issues pertaining to the Islamic culture and specifically the women of Islam. Women are viewed as subservient to their husbands, with very little choice but to remain as a secondary force to the dominant male race. To better understand the role of women in a culture such as this, as well as to assess how the cultural aspect plays into such a societal standing, the two pieces of work to look at are "Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate" by Leila Ahmed and "Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Quran by Asma Barlas. What was often common place for a woman in this culture would be to marry someone, but to marry a person that was chosen by her father. A marriage such as this would commonly be referred to as an "arranged marriage". As she begins her work, Ahmed brings up the first of many points regarding women and marriage. That is, "Neither the diversity of marriage practices in pre-Islamic Arabia nor the presence of matrilineal customs, including the association of children with the mother's tribe, necessarily connotes women's having greater power in society or greater access to economic resources," Adding that, "Nor to these practices correlate with an absence of misogyny; indeed, there is clear evidence to the contrary. The practice of infanticide, apparently to girls, suggests a belief that females were flawed, expendable," (Ahmed p.41). Ahmed begins her work with one of the central themes for study of women in Islamic cultures. While there was a vast cultural diversity throughout the region , in the end the women were seen as the weaker sex and as such could be done with as was decided by the male elders of the home. Ahmed emphasizes this by the choice of the word misogyny in her text. That is defined as, "hatred or strong prejudice towards women; an antonym of philogny," Elaborating further that, "Misogyny is considered by most feminist theories as an implicit motivation of political ideologies that justify and maintain the subordination of women to men," ("Misogyny" p.1.). Just as monarchs were throughout the ages, males in this culture tended to express more outward joy at the birth of a male offspring rather than a female birth. This can be explained by the understanding that males sought to continue on their blood lines, as well as having someone to train that would be able to take a place of leadership as they saw it. Ahmed does counter with the fact that variation did occur in regards to the roles with which women were able to play throughout the vast Islamic culture. She sets out to compare lives, as well as the marriages, which the Islamic leader Muhammad would have had with his wives Khadija and Aisha. Unlike some of the other women around her, Khadija was a woman of wealth who actually was an employer of Muhammad as it was his job to keep an eye on her interests. Unlike the cultural norm, Khadija herself proposed marriage to Muhammad. Ahmed writes that, "She proposed to and married him when she was forty and he twenty-five, and she remained his only wife until her death at

Japanese traditional game

Japanese traditional game Japanese traditional game Introduction Given the task to innovate a Japanese traditional game, we decided to use the Two Ten Jack and create our very own which is much simpler to be played. It uses part of the Uno cards and also a board with numbers to be placed with a bet. In order to continuously win the prizes, we construct the game to be in ways that a player must place a bet that is either same number, or same color that is the taken out from the deck of cards played with. The Two Ten Jack game is played without the dealer and with points deducted and added which in the end, the player with the highest points balance. The next page would be the manual to the game and after that would be the manual to the Two Ten Jack game. Furthermore, a comparison would be made to show the innovation of our game being born. The Game Manual for the Two Ten Jack Preliminaries The object of two-ten-jack is to get the most points by taking tricks containing positive point cards while avoiding tricks containing negative point cards. Two players receive six cards each from a standard 52-card deck ranking0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and the remaining undealt cards are placed between the players to form the stock. Non-dealer leads the firsttrick and winner of each trick leads to the next. Players replenish their hands between tricks by each drawing a card from the stock with the winner of the last trick drawing first. Play continues until all of the cards in the entire deck have been played. Points are then tallied before the deck is reshuffled and dealt anew. Following, Trumping, and Speculation In two-ten-jack a player may lead any card and the other player must play a card of the same suit if able, or otherwise must play atrump cardif able. If a player has neither cards in the lead suit or trump, then any other card may be played. The highest trump card, or the highest card of the lead suit if no trumps were played, takes the trick In two-ten-jack hearts are always thetrump suit and theace of spadesis a special trump card known asspeculationranking above all of the hearts. Rules for playing speculation are as follows: If a trump (heart) is lead, a player may follow with speculation and must play speculation if no other trumps are held in the hand. If a spade is lead, a player may follow with speculation and must likewise play speculation if no other spades are held in the hand. If a club or diamond is lead and the other player has neither of these, speculation may be played, and must be played if no other trumps are available. A player leading speculation must declare it as either a spade or trump. Scoring and winning Cards are worth the following point values: 2â™ ¥, 10â™ ¥and Jâ™ ¥are worth +5 each 2â™ £, 10â™ £ and Jâ™ £ are worth -5 each 2â™  , 10â™  , Jâ™   and Aâ™   are worth +1 each 6â™ ¦is worth +1 point Hence the total number of card points per deal is +5. Winner is the first player to reach 31 points. Game Manual The number of players required to play this game is one to two players and maximum five players each round Start by placing a single bet. Each bet is place on a number between zero to nine and four different colors Each time six cards would be pulled out from the deck The bet is counted with sweets. Each sweet cost RM1. Each player starts with a sweet The bet with the same color out of the 6 cards drawn will get his money The bet with the same number out of the 6 cards drawn will get win 5 sweet. The bet without same color or same number out of the 6 cards loses 1 sweet. The bet with the same color and same number walks away with Rm50 The bet with same color and same number and also another same number but different color in the six card drawn from the deck walks away with Rm100 Game Rules A player can only place one bet to a number and color per round. Not more than 1 player can bet at a same number and color in each round. A player has to verify his/her choice of bet before the opening of the six cards from the deck. Comparison The amount of cards used in Two Ten Jack is 52 while the game we have created uses 40. Also, the Two Ten Jack is played between players while the game we have created uses a dealer. Besides that, the Two Ten Jack is played with a system of addition and subtraction while we tried to make it compatible by placing bets instead of tricking the other players. Furthermore, the game we have created has been added with little elements of western card game like 21.

Gulliver’s Travels Essay -- Satire Satirical Essays

Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels has set a standard for satirical writing for a long time, and Swift’s imaginative ability and talent can explain a lot of the text’s continued popularity. People can approach Gulliver’s Travels like a children’s book, and not search for deeper meaning. They read the story as a fantasy, and seek only to be entertained. Gulliver’s Travels is valuable and enjoyable for its plot and surface elements alone, but a deeper level of meaning and significance can be achieved if we take note of the satirical elements in the novel. Although to gain a full appreciation of the satire, the reader needs to be somewhat familiar with the events of Swift’s time. Taking the historical period in which Swift was writing into consideration, one of the major changes that was occurring was the shift to a more scientific, empirically-informed worldview (being advanced by the Royal Society of England and Francis Bacon). However, Swift and others were concerned that if this new scientific outlook could lead to disaster if it continued unchecked. Swift and other â€Å"nonconformists† argued that science without context could have widespread harmful consequences, and this position profoundly reveals itself in his satirical treatment of science and knowledge in Gulliver’s Travels. This paper will discuss Swift’s satirical treatment of these subjects in the novel. Several critics have pointed out that evidence exists that suggests that Swift was not uniformly opposed to all science (Phiddian 52). Therefore, it would seem unfair to read Swift’s satirical approach to science in Gulliver’s Travels as a full rejection of the science of his day-it would be overly simplistic and reductive. Swift was not an anti-Luddite. In fact, Swift was a proponent of science in some ways, but he reacted strongly against what he perceived as its abuse or exploitation. The satirical treatment of science in Gulliver’s Travels is more complex than an all-or-nothing rejection of the scientific mindset that was becoming increasingly popular in Swift’s time. Instead of objecting to the use of science in general, Swift seems to have had problems with a particular form of scientific research, and it is with this type of science/scientist that Swift is primarily concerned in Gulliver’s Travels. The type of science that Swift attacks is inapplicable science, or â€Å"pure... ...ss of the scientific worldview that was becoming more widespread during his lifetime. Swift himself was not opposed to all scientific endeavors, but Gulliver’s Travels provided a platform for him to explore the potential negative effects/affects of the â€Å"new science,† engaging in the exaggeration and absurdity that are essential to satire. Although Swift’s characterization of the Laputan scientists is distorted, it does successfully call into question the ultimate goal of science. Should scientific research be pursued because society has achieved the technology to perform them? My opinion is that Swift, through Gulliver’s Travels, argued that it should not automatically and necessarily be pursued. Works Cited Fitzgerald, Robert P. â€Å"Science and Politics in Swift’s Voyage to Laputa.† Journal of English and Germanic Philology 87: 213-29. Patey, Douglas Lane. â€Å"Swift’s Satire on ‘Science’ and the Structure of Gulliver’s Travels.† ELH 58.4: 809-39. Phiddian, Robert. â€Å"A Hopeless Project: Gulliver inside the Language of Science in Book III.† Eighteenth Century Life 22.1: 50-62. Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Ed. Greenberg, Robert A. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1970.

Ethical Theories Within the Film “Crimes and Misdemeanors” Essay

In the final scene of the movie Crimes and Misdemeanors, I believe the fictional philosopher Louse Levy’s message was very similar to philosophy Jean-Paul Sartre and his theory on existentialism. One of Sartre’s quotes, â€Å"Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself.† Levy is trying to convey that we are in control of our choices and we choose our own happiness. In the final scene of the film Levy states, â€Å"We’re all faced throughout our lives with making conscience moral decisions. Some are on a grander scale than others, but we define ourselves by the choices we have made. We are, in fact, the sum total of our choices.† So when Levy’s character states, â€Å"most human beings seem to have the ability to keep trying and find joy from simple things†, this is based on our choices. We decide to be happy or sad. Because we as human beings have the ability to think rationally or ill-rationally, our minds have the capacity to feel emotions, to dream up, or cognitively entertain, a mind-based reality of happiness. One of the survival tactics as human beings is our ability to strive for happiness; and once a level of happiness is achieved there is always a need for more; it is a never ending pursuit of happiness. Our happiness should also be achieved without pain. Ever though we strive for this happiness there is no methodical way to obtain happiness or does the sense of happiness always become achieved. I believe this viewpoint is heavily reflected throughout the movie, Crimes and Misdemeanors. I think all the characters in the movie are striving and hoping for happiness but I think the only character who truly achieves the ultimate happiness would be Rabbi Ben. The role of GOD in establishing ethical values and whether the world would be valueless if GOD didn’t exist is displayed throughout this movie. Rabbi Ben (Sam Waterston) leads a moral life throughout the film and he ends up blind, but he can dance with his daughter with a clear conscience. The irony about this character is he fails to see in the real world yet he has strong spiritual vision. His detachment from mundane concerns, and emphasize on what is real and meaningful – a life devoted to GOD. The ideas that only by blinding oneself to reality can one live a meaningful life devoted to GOD. The symbolism of blindness seems to have a connection to a blind universe indifferent to any sense of justice. In fact all of the religious characters in Crimes and Misdemeanors suffer from impaired vision and are portrayed wearing glasses. This may represent their inability to  see the true nature of reality and the understanding of true happiness. I feel all of the characters in this film reflect the viewpoint of hope and the desire to achieve happiness without pain; it is just the choices, consequences or motive of their actions that is misguided. We make consequentialist decisions regarding our actions to separate the morally right from wrong which leads us to our ultimate goal of happiness. But what determines if an action is moral right or wrong? Stuart Mill’ theory on, â€Å"The Principle of Utility†, views the consequences that arise from the action to determine the moral worth of an action; the best decisions result in good consequences for the largest number of people. He also believes that happiness equal pleasure; the actions are morally right to the extent that they produce lots of pleasure. Other theorists like Immanuel Kant, who takes a deontology approach on the intention or motive of the action. He believes that our actions are morally right only if we can apply them universally. I feel the character Lester (Alan Alda), displays the theories of Jean Paul Sartre and Friedrich Nietzsche. He’s a successful television producer with a pompous attitude. His character takes charge of his own destiny. He knows what he wants and goes after it. His Will to Power is great and sets no limitations on what he can achieve throughout this film. There are a few characters in Crimes and Misdemeanor who strive for the hope of happiness but fall short. The main character, Judah Rosenthal (Martin Landau) this character is a successful ophthalmologist who achieves short-term happiness in a two year affair with a woman named Dolores (Anjelicia Huston). When Dolores threatens tell his wife of there affair his moral structure is threaten he feels as if his entire universe becomes meaningless. But, by the end of the film Judah make peace with himself and finds that he commits a crime and gets away with it. He is only implicated to his own moral consciousness. In reality, hope i s the worst of all evils, because it prolongs the torments of man. FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE, Human, All-too-Human The second character that falls short of achieving happiness would be Clifford Stern (Wood Allen); this character is a small-time film maker hired by his brother-in-law Lester to produce a documentary about his life and work. Clifford dislikes Lester as well as his marriage to Lester’s sister  Wendy (Joann Gleason). While filming this documentary Cliff falls in love with Lester’s associate producer, Halley Reed (Mia Farrow). However Cliff’s efforts to woo Halley fail and in the end Wendy chooses to be with Lester. This gives proof that good doesn’t always prosper over evil. The comment by Halley after learning about Levy’s death she says, â€Å"No matter how elaborate a philosophical system you work out, in the end it’s got to be incomplete.† I believe it is the selfish needs, constant change, as well as the desires of human beings that allow people to choose right from wrong and good from bad. It is all about wants over needs. I believe Halley didn’t initially want Lester it was his constant appeal to the things that she needed which gave her pleasure that won her over. Not the roses because she was allergic, but the caviar and his influence and power. I believe that the universe is in fact indifferent. However, if there is no GOD, there can be no objective standards of right and wrong. All we are confronted with is â€Å"the bare valueless fact of existence† (Jean-Paul Sartre). This is probably what Rabbi Ben meant during the film when he said, â€Å"Without the law, it’s all darkness, and, â€Å"You Judah see the world as harsh and empty of value and pitiless.† Rabbi Ben states, how he couldn’t not exist without moral structure-with real meaning-with forgiveness and some kind of higher power. Also during the climax of the film Judah concludes that â€Å"GOD is a luxury that he can’t afford† and arranges for Dolores-mistre ss (Angelica Houston) to be murdered. Afterwards, in a state of despair he visits his childhood home and recreates in his mind a Passover Seder from his youth. Judah’s atheist Aunt May (Anna Berger) and religious father Sol, is an exploration of the relationship between morality and GOD and the problem of morality in a godless universe. Aunt May takes the position of the atheist and moral relativist in the ensuring debate as she envisions a cruel and godless world with no objectives standards of good and evil and no moral purposes behind human reality. Aunt May believes individuals justify their actions as they wish: â€Å"For those who want morality there’s morality. Nothings handed down in stone.† Aunt May argues that in a world where everything is permissible, there is nothing to stop an individual from committing murder other than their own conscience. â€Å"And I say, if he can do it, and get away with it, and chooses not be bothered by the ethics, then he’s home free.† We live in a universe where our moral ethics between right and wrong are greatly  unbalanced. A world where the good suffer, the bad prosper and no greater power will ever rectify this which is a sad consequence. It is really hard to establish a basic moral or ethical system for human beings because we are so indiff erent of each other. We have for example the Bible or the Koran, but, like Aunt May state in the film, â€Å"For those who want morality there’s morality.† [Also in the final scene of the film Judah draws Cliff into a supposedly hypothetical discussion that draws upon his morals. Judah says that with time, any crisis will pass; but Cliff morosely claims instead that one is forever fated to bear ones burdens for â€Å"crimes and misdemeanors†] Wikipedia. We battle daily for justice. All we can do as human beings is to hope for happiness try to utilize our own moral ideas and meaningful values to again hopeful influence our lives and to reflect upon future generations. References â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors (Philosophical Films).† Crimes and Misdemeanors (Philosophical Films). N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Final Scene.† YouTube. YouTube, 04 Feb. 2009. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Mar. 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Existentialism Is a Humanism Quotes.† By Jean-Paul Sartre. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. â€Å"The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture.† The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. http://phil.uregina.ca/vancha/Litch-chp6.pdf

Psychological Measure Essay

Team B examines the aspects of psychological tests and measurements by focusing on the Beck Depression Inventory. Examining the two articles over the Beck Depression Inventory aids Team B in deciding services, servers, and backgrounds of the measure. The psychological testing that has developed and progressed and is used in a wide variety of settings by a wide variety of individuals is called the Beck Depression Inventory. Testing aids in serving professionals in figuring out sickness or deficiency and lending a hand in making one of a kind and individual treatment procedures. The Beck Depression Inventory is an individually administered test with 21 items, calculates personal experiences, and psychological symptoms linked with depression. Team B examined both of the articles concerning Beck Depression Inventory and was skilled in deciding the services, servers, and the background where the Beck Depression Inventory is relevant and how the psychological measure is helpful in psycholo gical regulations. Beck Depression Inventory Articles Beck Depression Inventory Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a set of 21 self-reported questions to measure the intensity, severity, and depth of depressive symptoms in patients aged 13-80 years old. A shorter BDI consists of seven questions for administration by primary care providers. The Beck Depression Inventory detects, assesses, and monitors changes in depressive symptoms among people in a mental health care environment. Aaron T. Beck, a pioneer in cognitive therapy, developed the first BDI in 1961, adapted in 1969, and copyrighted in 1979. In 1996, a second version of the BDI (BDI-II) was developed and published reflecting the revisions in the fourth edition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (Fundukian & Wilson, 2008). The long version of the BDI consists of 21 questions or items with four possible responses. Each response contains a score from zero to three indicates the severity of the symptom the patient experienced in the previous two weeks. The version used by primary care providers (BDI-PC) consists of seven self-reported items. Fundukian and Wilson (2008) state, â€Å"Individual questions of the BDI assess mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, body image, work difficulties, insomnia, fatigue, appetite, weight loss, body preoccupation, and loss of libido† (para. 6). BDI also detects depressive symptoms in a primary care setting. Completion of a BDI for a psychological or medical evaluation occurs between five to ten minutes (Fundukian & Wilson, 2008). According to Fundukian and Wilson (2008), BDI tests score differently for general population and clinically depressed individuals. The sum of BDI item scores determines the severity of depression. For the general population, a score of 21 or higher indicates depression. Clinically diagnosed individuals contain a variety of scores. Zero to nine scores indicate minimal depressive symptoms, 10 to 16 scores indicate mild depression, 17 to 29 scores indicate moderate depression, and 30 to 63 scores indicate severe depression. The BDI distinguishes between different subtypes of depressive disorder, such as major depression and dysthymia. The BDI contains content validity because of development from a consensus of clinicians about depressive symptoms in psychiatric patients. The BDI contains concurrent validity because at least 35 studies present concurrent validity between BDI and measures of depression, such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-D. The BDI contains construct validity because it relates to medical symptoms, anxiety, stress, loneliness, sleep patterns, alcoholism, suicidal behaviors, and youth adjustment. The BDI contains factor analysis because the BDI interprets as one syndrome composed of three factors: negative self-attitudes, performance impairment, and bodily disturbance. The BDI test for reliability, following established standards for psychological  tests and contains internal consistency. The BDI is valid and reliable and higher scores relate to educational attainment (Fundukian & Wilson, 2008). Breast Cancer and Breast Disease In the Kuopio Breast Cancer Study, 115 women with breast cancer symptoms participated in an in-depth interview and completed standardized questionnaires. Study variables were retrieved before completing diagnostic procedures. BDI evaluated the depression of study participants. Eskelinen and Ollonen (2011) reported, â€Å"Clinical examinations and biopsies discovered breast cancer in 34 patients, 53 patients with benign breast disease, and 28 healthy individuals. Healthy women exhibited less sadness (BDI mean score, 0.27) than women with breast cancer (BDI mean score, 0.56) and women with benign breast disease (BDI mean score, 0.49). Healthy women were less pessimistic (BDI mean score, 0.15) than patients in the breast cancer group (BDI mean score, 0.44) and the benign breast disease (BD mean score, 0.42)† (para. 3). The group of healthy women contained less self-accusation than the breast cancer group and breast benign disease group. The group of healthy women reported less work inhibition and weight loss than the breast cancer group and breast benign disease group. The results of the study do not report a specific relation between BDI scores and breast cancer risk, but patients with breast cancer and breast benign disease have an increased risk for depressive symptoms (Eskelinen & Ollonen, 2011). Compare and Contrast Each articles contains specific information about Beck Depression Inventory. The first article focuses on the definition, purpose, precautions, description, and results of the BDI. The second article focuses on a case study relating BDI to women with breast cancer and breast cancer disease. The first article focuses on an overview of BDI, but also includes BDI contains content validity, concurrent validity, construct validity, factor analysis, and reliability. The second article focuses on a specific disease and case study connecting with BDI. Both articles relate because they include BDI scores and depressive bodily symptoms relating to BDI. Analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory Beck Depression Inventory (DBI) is a questionnaire that consists of â€Å"21 items, each describing a behavioral manifestation together with between four and six self – evaluative statements from which the respondent is ask to choose the one that is most applicable† (Colman, 2006, p. 84). The originally developed in 1961and revised in1993 the DBI-II was published in 1996. There are more DBI tests that are designed to measure other conditions such as suicide, anxiety and hopelessness (Colman, 2006, p, 84). This test can be self – administered or oral for people with learning disabilities. Anyone can be trained to administer and score this test however; according to (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 2012, para. 6) it can only be properly interpreted by a psychiatrist. This process begins when the patient first sees their primary care physician and complains of feeling sad, hopelessness, loss of sleep, problems with eating whether eating too little or over eating, or even ache s and pains. â€Å"In Beck’s view, the person who becomes depressed usually has a pattern of negative thoughts† (Robbins, 2003, p. 145, para 11). Some things that might be experienced by the patient are a belief of inadequacy, failure, and they are receiving unfair treatment by life. It is a common practice to have a brief questionnaire in the primary care physician office concerning the signs and symptoms of depression to help identify people with depression. Once the primary care has exhausted their scope of treatment, they will refer the patient to a psychiatrist or psychologist for further evaluation and treatment who will administer a more detailed version of the BDI, BDI-II or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Settings that the DBI can be used in are a clinic, in or out patients setting, counselor office, cognitive therapist, or by a psychologist. The place would depend on the patient and his or her state of mind and physical condition at the time undergoing the necessary treatment for depression. For instance the person had tried to commit suicide and needed to remain hospitalized a social worker would interview them and refer him or her to a psychologist or psychiatrist for proper treatment. Valid or Invalid The Beck Depression Inventory â€Å"has been used for 35 years to identify and assess depressive symptoms, and has been reported to be highly reliable  regardless of the population. It has a high coefficient alpha, its construct validity has been established, and it is able to differentiate depressed from non-depressed patients† (Beck, Steer; Brown, 2006). â€Å"The BDI-II manual reports correlations with a variety of other tests, arguing for both convergent and discriminant validity. It attempts to show, in the case of discriminant validity, that the test is not primarily a measure of anxiety. A factor analysis suggests that the BDI-II items tap two dimensions, one labeled Somatic-Affective, the other labeled Cognitive† (Hogan, 2007, p. 501). â€Å"The manual presents reliability and validity data based on a sample of 500 outpatients clinically diagnosed according to DSM criteria at four sites, as well as on a sample of 120 students from one Canadian college. The BDI-II manual reports alpha coefficients of .92 for the outpatient sample and .93 for the college sample. Test-retest reliability of .93 is reported for a subsample of 26 cases from the outpatient group, with a retest interval of one week† (Hogan, 2007, p. 502). â€Å"The mean scores of the first and second total scores were comparable with a paired t (25) =1.08, which was not significant† (Beck, Steer; Brown, 2006). According to a research conducted â€Å"The widely used Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was initially standardized on a sample of Caucasian university students and its use with minorities has only recently been investigated† (Sashidharan, Pawlow; Pettibone, 2012, p. 203). The research called an examination of racial bias in the Beck Depression Inventory-II, intended to examine the possibilities of bias within ethics groups and in more specific the African American race. â€Å"A hierarchical multiple regression compared the scores of the BDI-II with a similar measure of depression that is standardized for use with African Americans† (Sashidharan, Pawlow; Pettibone, 2012, p. 203 ) â€Å"The studied was perform with â€Å"977 students (139 African American students [14.2%] and 838 Caucasian students [85.8%]) was recruited from a medium-sized, public, American midwestern university’s undergraduate psychology participant pool. Data were collected over the course of an academic year, with the goal of obtaining a minimum of 100 African American participants† (Sashidharan, Pawlow; Pettibone, 2012, p. 204). â€Å"There was no evidence of racial bias discovered in the BDI-II in this sample. Implications and future directions of research are discussed.† (Sashidharan, Pawlow; Pettibone, 2012, p. 203). Conclusion The Beck Depression Inventory is helpful in psychological measurements and regulations. Team B decided the services, servers, and backgrounds of the measure while explaining the definition and uses of Beck Depression Inventory. Beck Depression Inventory aids professionals in discovering sicknesses and deficiencies in patients and aids in providing unique, individual treatment procedures. In the conclusion of Team B’s research, the team discovered the Beck Depression Inventory is relevant, helpful, and a complex topic. References Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (2012, September 11). BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY-SECOND EDITION (BDI-II); 1996. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs,gov/programs/opre/ehs/perf†¦/res_meas_phic.html Beck Depression Inventory. (2008). In L. J. Fundukian & J. Wilson (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 123-124). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2699900051&v=2.1&u=uphoenix&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Colman, A. M. (2006). OXFORD DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. Eskelinen, M. & Ollonen, P. (2011). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in patients with breast disease and breast cancer: a prospective case-control study. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282743 Hogan, T. P. (2007). Psychological testing: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Robbins, P. R. (2003). understanding PSYCHOLOGY (3rd ed.). Portland, ME: Walch Publishing. Sashidharan, T., Pawlow, L. A., & Pettibone, J. C. (2012). An examination of racial bias in the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(2), 203-209. doi:10.1037/a0027689 T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown (2006). RCMAR Measurement Tools Beck Depression Inventory – 2nd Edition (BDI-II). Retrieved from http://www.musc.edu/dfm/RCMAR/Beck.html

Antigone Has Adhd

Antigone Has Adhd Antigone Has Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, (AD/HD) After talking to Ismene and being informed that burying their brother, Polynices, is unlawful, Antigone acts like a brut, and still, arrogantly, buries him. What right does she have to make up her own rules and regulations, when she knows that what she is doing is unlawful by her state? I will explore the mind of a child that has AD/HD and will clearly show that Antigone is no exception to this psychological disorder, since she, herself, has these symptoms. I will also analyze if Antigone should be brought to death for her misloyalty to the king, Kreon. If Kreon had the right to kill her, and finally, if her psychological disorder makes her morally right, or wrong, and if she can tell the difference among them.First, doctors describe this disorder as one who does or may experience, or has a short attention span, impulsive behavior, and/or hyperactivity, (CHADD, Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Diso rder).English: Muntham House School. The school is desig...

Jazz in the early 20th Century essays

Jazz in the early 20th Century essays Jazz is defined as a genre of popular music that official originated in New Orleans around 1900. Apparently, the word jazz originated in New Orleans jass, which was slang for sexual intercourse, but it gradually came to be applied to anything exciting. Other commentators have traced the use of the word in a musical context even further back, the first instance of writing dating to 1909. Jazz music is commonly characterized by intricate rhythms and syncopation, improvisation, call and response, and swing. First sweeping through the Western World in the 1920s and 30s, jazz has subsequently become entrenched as one of the characterizing movements in 20th Century culture. A revealing quote from Paul Whitman, the undisputed King of Jazz, shows the conditions in which jazz arrived in America: Jazz came to America 300 years ago in chains. That is, from West Africa via the black slaves who were imported to the states of Southern America to work for white masters in plantations. The slaves built up a rich hoard of work songs and ballads, lamenting their circumstances and conditions, and in time these developed into distinct genres, spawning the blues and ultimately jazz itself. However, it was never the sole property of the black community. Other influences including the minstrel shows put on by white performers as well as ragtime and Dixieland influenced the formation of jazz. Briefly, jazz emerged as a thriving form of popular music after it caught on among the musicians who were paid to entertain clients in the brothels of New Orleans at the turn of the century. Among the most important pioneers were cornet player Buddy Bolden and Jelly Roll Morton, who often claimed he had invented jazz. Subsequently the form developed under the influence of ragtime and the blued and a newfound home in Chicago. Jazz entered a golden age in the 1920s, when up-and-coming stars of ...